The Industrial Revolution started in England in the 18th century. The main factors that gave priority to England in the industrial start were the Agricultural Revolution, the abundance of labour, the existence of an enterprising middle class and aristocracy, the development of manufactory and the existence of a huge external and internal market. England also had some favourable geographic conditions (rivers, canals and docks) and abundance of resources (coal, iron, cotton, wool, etc).
The starting sectors of the Industrial Revolution were textile industry and metallurgy. The textile industry was an important sector because there was a big demand of textile products and this industry neither required big investments nor specialised labour. The metallurgy also had a dominant position because of the Transports Revolution. This revolution and the mechanisation of industry caused a large scale mining exploration.
This was a time of big inventions like the steam engine that revolutionised the industry. Its inventor was James Watt and this invention permitted the production of artificial energy.
During that time, an economy based on manual labour was replaced by one dominated by industry and the “manufacture” of machinery.
The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase. Industrial workers (blue collar clerks) were better paid than those in agriculture. With more money, women ate better, had healthier babies, who were themselves better fed. Death rates declined and the distribution of age in the population became more youthful. There was limited opportunity for education and children were expected to work. Employers also liked the fact they could pay a child less than an adult.
Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from the splendour of the homes of the owners to the squalor of the lives of the workers. Poor people lived in small houses in cramped streets. These homes would share toilet facilities, have open sewers and would be at risk of damp. Conditions did improve during the 19th century as a number of public health acts were introduced covering things such as sewage, hygiene and making some boundaries upon the construction of homes. Not everybody lived in homes like these. The Industrial Revolution led to a larger number of middle class professionals such as lawyers and doctors (white collar clerks).
In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution spread to other european countries like Germany, France, Sweden, and also to Russia, U.S.A., Japan, Canada and Australia.
Marco Dias Nº11 10ºC
Joel Andrade Nº7 10ºC
Marcelo Abrantes Nª10 10º C
The starting sectors of the Industrial Revolution were textile industry and metallurgy. The textile industry was an important sector because there was a big demand of textile products and this industry neither required big investments nor specialised labour. The metallurgy also had a dominant position because of the Transports Revolution. This revolution and the mechanisation of industry caused a large scale mining exploration.
This was a time of big inventions like the steam engine that revolutionised the industry. Its inventor was James Watt and this invention permitted the production of artificial energy.
During that time, an economy based on manual labour was replaced by one dominated by industry and the “manufacture” of machinery.
The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase. Industrial workers (blue collar clerks) were better paid than those in agriculture. With more money, women ate better, had healthier babies, who were themselves better fed. Death rates declined and the distribution of age in the population became more youthful. There was limited opportunity for education and children were expected to work. Employers also liked the fact they could pay a child less than an adult.
Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from the splendour of the homes of the owners to the squalor of the lives of the workers. Poor people lived in small houses in cramped streets. These homes would share toilet facilities, have open sewers and would be at risk of damp. Conditions did improve during the 19th century as a number of public health acts were introduced covering things such as sewage, hygiene and making some boundaries upon the construction of homes. Not everybody lived in homes like these. The Industrial Revolution led to a larger number of middle class professionals such as lawyers and doctors (white collar clerks).
In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution spread to other european countries like Germany, France, Sweden, and also to Russia, U.S.A., Japan, Canada and Australia.
Marco Dias Nº11 10ºC
Joel Andrade Nº7 10ºC
Marcelo Abrantes Nª10 10º C
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